High speed bidirectional optical time-domain reflectometer (otdr)-based testing of device under test

ABSTRACT

In some examples, high speed bidirectional OTDR-based testing may include transmitting data from a first end of a device under test (DUT) towards an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) that is operatively connected to a second opposite end of the DUT. Further data that is transmitted by the OTDR may be received from the second opposite end of the DUT towards the first end of the DUT. Based on an amplitude of the further data, a direction of receiving of the further data may be adjusted towards a first receiver or towards a second receiver.

BACKGROUND

A fiber optic cable may include one or more optical fibers that may beused to transmit light from a source to a destination. The opticalfibers of the fiber optic cable may be referred to as fiber optic links.Fiber optic cables may represent a network element of a fiber opticnetwork. In this regard, other types of network elements may includeoptical connectors, optical splices, optical couplers, and opticalswitches. A fiber optic network may be monitored, for example, by aremote fiber monitoring system that enables oversight of an entire fiberoptic network from a central location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Features of the present disclosure are illustrated by way of example andnot limited in the following figure(s), in which like numerals indicatelike elements, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an architectural layout of a high speed bidirectionaloptical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR)-based testing apparatus inaccordance with an example of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate testing of a fiber optic link (e.g., a deviceunder test (DUT)) in both directions by an OTDR, and FIG. 2C illustratesautomated bidirectional testing of the fiber optic link, in accordancewith an example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3A illustrates a principle of reducing insertion loss measurementerrors related to a difference in Rayleigh backscattering coefficientsbetween fiber optic links, and FIGS. 3B and 3C respectively illustrate acombination of the curves or the measurement results of the measurementscarried out in both directions, in accordance with an example of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates half-sum of the insertion losses obtained on bothsides to remove the influence of relative Rayleigh backscatteringcoefficients, in accordance with an example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates utilization of a photodiode coupled to a fiber opticlink to illustrate operation of the high speed bidirectional OTDR-basedtesting apparatus of FIG. 1 , in accordance with an example of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration based on attenuation of an emittedoptical signal to illustrate operation of the high speed bidirectionalOTDR-based testing apparatus of FIG. 1 , in accordance with an exampleof the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates utilization of an optical switch to illustrateoperation of the high speed bidirectional OTDR-based testing apparatusof FIG. 1 , in accordance with an example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates a further alternative configuration of the high speedbidirectional OTDR-based testing apparatus of FIG. 1 , in accordancewith an example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example block diagram for high speed bidirectionalOTDR-based testing in accordance with an example of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for high speedbidirectional OTDR-based testing in accordance with an example of thepresent disclosure; and

FIG. 11 illustrates a further example block diagram for high speedbidirectional OTDR-based testing in accordance with another example ofthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the present disclosure isdescribed by referring mainly to examples. In the following description,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present disclosure. It will be readily apparenthowever, that the present disclosure may be practiced without limitationto these specific details. In other instances, some methods andstructures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarilyobscure the present disclosure.

Throughout the present disclosure, the terms “a” and “an” are intendedto denote at least one of a particular element. As used herein, the term“includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” meansincluding but not limited to. The term “based on” means based at leastin part on.

High speed bidirectional Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)-basedtesting apparatuses, methods for high speed bidirectional OTDR-basedtesting, and non-transitory computer readable media for high speedbidirectional OTDR-based testing are disclosed herein. The apparatuses,methods, and non-transitory computer readable media disclosed hereinprovide for relatively high test speeds, for example, for data transferssuch as transfer of OTDR measurement point files, within a relativelyshort time duration. In this regard, the apparatuses, methods, andnon-transitory computer readable media disclosed herein provide forhigh-performance communication based on the implementation of hardwareand software functionality that is dedicated to the transfer of data.

With respect to the apparatuses, methods, and non-transitory computerreadable media disclosed herein, an OTDR may utilize Rayleighbackscattering and Fresnel reflection signals to monitor events withrespect to a fiber optic network. One of the unique advantages of OTDRtesting is that it utilizes access to one end of a fiber optic cablethat may include a plurality of fiber optic links. Since distance andattenuation measurements are based on Rayleigh optical backscatteringand the Fresnel reflection principle, returned light may be analyzeddirectly from the one end of a fiber optic link of the fiber opticcable.

In order to minimize the impact of errors and uncertainties that canaccompany one-way testing of a fiber optic link, two-way reflectometrytest methods may be utilized to improve the precision and accuracy oftesting of a fiber optic link. The two-way reflectometry test methodsmay be denoted as bidirectional reflectometry testing. For bidirectionalreflectometry testing, a fiber optic link may be characterized bymeasuring attenuation and loss from both ends of the fiber optic link.

For example, FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate testing of a fiber optic link(e.g., a device under test (DUT) as disclosed herein) in both directionsby an OTDR, in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2A, in order to perform bidirectional testing of afiber optic link 200, the fiber optic link 200 may be operativelyconnected to a launch fiber 202 and a receive fiber 204 at opposite endsthereof. For example, the launch fiber 202 may be operatively connectedto port of OTDR-1 at 206, and to a DUT that may include the fiber opticlink 200. The launch fiber 202 may be used to interface the OTDR-1 withthe fiber optic link 200 in order to limit the risk of damage to theoptical connector of the OTDR-1 by reducing the number of opticalconnections and disconnections. The launch and receive fibers may alsoprovide for full characterization of the end connections of the fiberoptic link 200.

The launch and receive fibers may create a symmetrical configuration atboth ends of the fiber optic link 200. In bidirectional OTDR testing,the same fiber optic link 200 may be tested in both directions using oneor two OTDRs (e.g., OTDR-1 at 206 of FIG. 2A, and OTDR-2 at 208 of FIG.2B). The average of the results obtained in both directions may then bedetermined.

Compared to unidirectional testing of a fiber optic link, bidirectionalfiber optic link testing may provide higher accuracy results withrespect to characterization of the fiber optic link. Since Rayleighbackscatter is used to quantify the fiber optic link attenuation andinsertion loss of each event, the fiber optic link backscattercoefficient may need to be known and programmed into the OTDR. Thiscoefficient can vary between different fiber optic links, and the OTDRmay display excessive attenuation or even negative attenuation (e.g.,gain) at the junctions between fiber optic links with differentcoefficients. The actual value of the fiber optic link attenuation andof each event during the presence of fibers with different coefficientson the same fiber optic link may be determined by averaging the resultsobtained with a bidirectional OTDR test.

If a fiber optic link with a lower backscatter coefficient has beensoldered to a fiber optic link with a higher backscatter coefficient,the splice attenuation measured by the OTDR may be negative (e.g.,therefore false). This effect may be designated as a “gain” because theamount of backscatter observed may be higher after the event thanbefore. Conversely, if a fiber optic link with a higher backscattercoefficient has been soldered to a fiber optic link with a lowerbackscatter coefficient, the splice attenuation measured by the OTDR maybe greater than the actual attenuation of that splice. By averaging thevalues obtained from the two ends of the fiber optic link, the actualvalue of the attenuation of a splice or connection may be obtained.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a principle of reducing insertion lossmeasurement errors related to a difference in Rayleigh backscatteringcoefficients between fiber optic links, and a combination of the curvesor the measurement results of the measurements carried out in bothdirections, in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Specifically, FIG. 3A shows the principle of reducing insertion lossmeasurement errors related to the difference in Rayleigh backscatteringcoefficients between fiber optic link-2 (e.g., Fiber-2), and fiber opticlink-1 and fiber optic link-3 (e.g., Fiber-1 and Fiber 3). In thisregard, Fiber-1, Fiber-2, and Fiber-3, may be respectively connected atSplice-A and Splice-B, with a 0.05 dB apparent loss/gain at thejunctions of the splices. FIGS. 3B and 3C respectively illustrate thecombination of curves or measurement results of the measurementsperformed in both directions. In this regard, FIGS. 3B and 3C providefor the apparent loss values to be obtained. In this regard, thehalf-sum of the insertion losses may be obtained on both sides of thefiber optic link to remove the influence of the relative Rayleighbackscattering coefficients.

FIG. 4 illustrates half-sum of the insertion losses obtained on bothsides for the fiber optic links of FIGS. 3A-3C to remove the influenceof the relative Rayleigh backscattering coefficients, in accordance withan example of the present disclosure. For example, FIG. 4 providesexamples of half-sum determination, where the values 0->E and E->0 maybe added and then divided by two.

In some bidirectional reflectometry techniques, such as the technique ofFIGS. 2A and 2B, an OTDR, such as OTDR-1 may be connected to one end ofa fiber optic link to perform a measurement in one direction, and thesame OTDR may be disconnected and connected to an opposite end of thefiber optic link to perform a second measurement in an oppositedirection. In other bidirectional reflectometry techniques asillustrated in FIG. 2C, which may be referred to as automatedbidirectional reflectometry techniques, by pairing a local OTDR with afar end OTDR connected at the opposite end of the fiber optic link(e.g., or a fiber optic cable including the fiber optic link),communication between the two OTDRs will ensure identical testconfigurations, continuity of the fiber link, and easier acquisition andcompilation of data. In this regard, the measurement time may also bereduced while ensuring the quality of the measurements and reducing therisk of errors. The automated functionality may be used to performreflectometry tests at multiple wavelengths (e.g., to improve detectionof fiber optic link bends), and include bidirectional attenuation andoptical reflection loss (ORL) tests.

In other bidirectional OTDR reflectometry techniques, such as a “loopback” testing technique, rather than utilizing a second OTDR at the farend of the fiber optic link, a loopback cable may connect one fiberoptic link to another fiber optic link which is also to be tested. Inthis way, an OTDR test pulse may be sent down one fiber optic link andcontinues through the loop back and down the second fiber optic link,thus testing both fibers uni-directionally at the same time. To gain thebenefit of bidirectional OTDR testing, both fiber optic links (includingthe loop back) may then be tested in the opposite direction from thesame location. This technique may use an OTDR approach such as where asingle OTDR is moved from the first to the second fiber optic link tomanually test in each direction and the results may be manuallycombined, or an automated OTDR approach where two OTDRs are used, oneconnected to each fiber optic link end to automatically test eachdirection and combine test results.

With respect to automated bidirectional testing of a fiber optic link,multipurpose OTDRs and testers may be configured for automatedbidirectional reflectometry or other bidirectional fiber optic testing,at the push of a button. These devices may also include a built-infeature that allows them to generate reports for speed and convenience.For example, when making an automated bidirectional measurement on afiber optic link, the test instruments (e.g., OTDRs) may need toexchange data to synchronize the measurement, exchange setupinformation, and exchange results. For example, as disclosed in commonlyowned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/152,046, titled “OPTICALTIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER DEVICE INCLUDING MULTIPLE AND BI-DIRECTIONALOPTICAL TESTING FOR FIBER ANALYSIS”, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety, the OTDR devices mayimplement frequency modulation to exchange data. Each synchronization,events and measurement results may be encoded by a frequency. However,this process of sending and decoding data may include a plurality ofsequences of data exchange. In this regard, it is technicallychallenging to further reduce a time needed to exchange data between twoor more test instruments (e.g., OTDRs).

The apparatuses, methods, and non-transitory computer readable mediadisclosed herein address the aforementioned technical challenges byproviding for relatively high test speeds, for example, for datatransfers such as transfer of OTDR measurement point files, within arelatively short time duration. In this regard, the apparatuses,methods, and non-transitory computer readable media disclosed hereinprovide for high-performance communication based on the implementationof hardware and software functionality that is dedicated to the transferof data. For example, the apparatuses, methods, and non-transitorycomputer readable media disclosed herein provide for utilization of anOTDR and the DUT (e.g., a fiber optic link) to exchange data withoutusing another communication device, such as Ethernet, WiFi, GlobalSystem for Mobiles (GSM), or an optical transceiver using fibers otherthan the DUT. Thus, the apparatuses, methods, and non-transitorycomputer readable media disclosed herein provide for utilization of anOTDR and the DUT to exchange data, such as OTDR trace data, atrelatively high speeds. The apparatuses, methods, and non-transitorycomputer readable media disclosed herein also provide for communicationestablishment to test the continuity of a fiber optic link.

For the apparatus, methods, and non-transitory computer readable mediadisclosed herein, the elements of the apparatus, methods, andnon-transitory computer readable media disclosed herein may be anycombination of hardware and programming to implement the functionalitiesof the respective elements. In some examples described herein, thecombinations of hardware and programming may be implemented in a numberof different ways. For example, the programming for the elements may beprocessor executable instructions stored on a non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium and the hardware for the elements mayinclude a processing resource to execute those instructions. In theseexamples, a computing device implementing such elements may include themachine-readable storage medium storing the instructions and theprocessing resource to execute the instructions, or the machine-readablestorage medium may be separately stored and accessible by the computingdevice and the processing resource. In some examples, some elements maybe implemented in circuitry.

FIG. 1 illustrates an architectural layout of a high speed bidirectionalOTDR-based testing apparatus (hereinafter also referred to as “apparatus100”) in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the apparatus 100 may include a data transmitter102 that is executed by at least one hardware processor (e.g., thehardware processor 902 of FIG. 9 , and/or the hardware processor 1104 ofFIG. 11 ), to transmit data 104 from a first end of a device under test(DUT) 106 towards an OTDR 108 that is operatively connected to a secondopposite end of the DUT 106. As disclosed herein in further detail withreference to FIG. 5 , the apparatus 100 may also be an OTDR. Further,the OTDR 108 may be another instantiation of the apparatus 100, and isdesignated apparatus 100′ in FIG. 5 .

A data receiver 110 that is executed by at least one hardware processor(e.g., the hardware processor 902 of FIG. 9 , and/or the hardwareprocessor 1104 of FIG. 11 ) may receive further data 112 that istransmitted by the OTDR 108 from the second opposite end of the DUT 106towards the first end of the DUT 106.

According to examples disclosed herein, for the data receiver 110, asignal quantization function that converts a data signal into a data bitstream may be performed by a dedicated hardware component such as acomparator or a function programmed in an field-programmable gate array(FPGA).

As disclosed herein in further detail with reference to FIG. 5 , areceiver level controller 114 that is executed by at least one hardwareprocessor (e.g., the hardware processor 902 of FIG. 9 , and/or thehardware processor 1104 of FIG. 11 ) may adjust, based on an amplitudeof the further data 112, a direction of receiving of the further data112 towards a first receiver that includes a low amplitude designatedreceiver 116 (e.g., see avalanche photodiode 514 and transimpedanceamplifier 516 of FIG. 5 ) of the data receiver 110 or towards a secondreceiver that includes a high amplitude designated receiver 118 (e.g.,see tap PIN 554 photodiode and transimpedance PIN amplifier 556 of FIG.5 ) of the data receiver 110.

According to examples disclosed herein, the DUT 106 may include a fiberoptic link.

According to examples disclosed herein, as disclosed herein in furtherdetail with reference to FIG. 5 , the apparatus 100 may further includea tap optical coupler 120 to extract part of optical power received fromthe OTDR 108 connected to the second opposite end of the DUT 106.

According to examples disclosed herein, as disclosed herein in furtherdetail with reference to FIG. 5 , the apparatus 100 may further includea tap PIN photodiode 122 operatively connected to the tap opticalcoupler 120 to convert an optical data stream, which corresponds to thefurther data 112, in the electric domain. The conversion of the opticaldata stream in the electric domain may be implemented to process anelectrical signal for conversion into data.

According to examples disclosed herein with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6 ,instead of the tap optical coupler 120 and the PIN photodiode 122 ofFIG. 5 , as shown in FIG. 6 , the apparatus 100 may include an opticalattenuator to adjust a level of power of an optical source thattransmits the data from the first end of the DUT towards the OTDR.

According to examples disclosed herein with respect to FIGS. 1, 5, and 7, instead of the tap optical coupler 120 and the PIN photodiode 122 ofFIG. 5 , as shown in FIG. 7 , the apparatus 100 may include an opticalswitch to switch, based on the received further data, between aninput/output and a bidirectional optical sub-assemblies (BOSA)-baseddata receiver associated with the data receiver.

According to examples disclosed herein with respect to FIGS. 1, 5, and 6, the apparatus 100 may instead include an optical attenuator (e.g., seeoptical attenuator 600 of FIG. 6 ) to adjust a level of power of anoptical source that transmits the data from the first end of the DUTtowards the OTDR. In this regard, the apparatus 100 may include anavalanche photodiode (e.g., see avalanche photodiode 628 of FIG. 6 ) toreceive the further data that is transmitted by the OTDR from the secondopposite end of the DUT towards the first end of the DUT. Further, theapparatus 100 may include a transimpedance amplifier (e.g., seetransimpedance amplifier 630 of FIG. 6 ) operatively connected to theavalanche photodiode to receive the further data that is transmitted bythe OTDR from the second opposite end of the DUT towards the first endof the DUT.

According to examples disclosed herein with respect to FIGS. 5 and 8 ,instead of the tap optical coupler 120 and the PIN photodiode 122 ofFIG. 5 , as shown in FIG. 8 , the apparatus 100 may include a lasercurrent controller to adjust an output optical power of an opticalsource that is used to transmit the data. The laser current controllermay utilize a laser driver and utilize a power control command to adjustthe current of the laser driver.

Operation of the apparatus 100 is described in further detail withreference to FIGS. 5-8 .

FIG. 5 illustrates utilization of a photodiode coupled to a fiber opticlink to illustrate operation of the apparatus 100, in accordance with anexample of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the apparatus 100 may include a photodiode coupledto a device under test (DUT) 500, such as a fiber optic link, dedicatedto receiving a data stream. A tap optical coupler 502 (e.g., the tapoptical coupler 120 of FIG. 1 ) may take part of the power from the linein which it is inserted. The tap optical coupler 502 may be used foroptical power monitoring. Further, the tap optical coupler 502 may beassociated with a PIN photodiode (junction composed of an intrinsic zoneinterposed between a heavily P-doped region and another heavilyN-andoped). The component integrating these two functions is then calledPIN-TAP (or TAP PIN).

In an OTDR mode, the generator of an electrical test stimulus (e.g.,PULSOR 504, which may represent an electrical pulse generator) maycontrol a laser driver 506 via a link 508. The laser driver 506 may inturn generate an electrical stimulus adapted to an optical source 510(e.g., light source). A round-trip coupling device 512 may transmit thesignal to the DUT 500 via the tap optical coupler 502.

Still in the OTDR mode, the signal returned by the DUT 500 (Rayleighbackscatter and Fresnel reflection) may pass through the tap opticalcoupler 502, and then through the round-trip coupling device 512 toreach an avalanche photodiode (APD) 514. The photo-current from theavalanche photodiode 514 may then be directed to a transimpedanceamplifier 516 connected to the reception stage of an OTDR receiver 518via an electrical link 520.

A second instantiation of the apparatus 100 may be connected to theother end of the DUT 500, and designated as apparatus 100′ as shown inFIG. 5 . However, the components for the apparatus 100′ (which areidentical to the components of the apparatus 100) are labeleddifferently from the components of the apparatus 100 to facilitate adescription of the operation of the apparatus 100.

For the apparatus 100′, the generator of an electrical test stimulus(e.g., PULSOR 522) may control a laser driver 524 via a link 526. Thelaser driver 524 may in turn generate an electrical stimulus adapted toan optical source 528. A round-trip coupling device 530 may transmit thesignal to the DUT 500 via a tap optical coupler 532.

Still in the OTDR mode, the signal returned by the DUT 500 (Rayleighbackscatter and Fresnel reflection) may pass through the tap opticalcoupler 532, and then through the round-trip coupling device 530 toreach an avalanche photodiode 534. The photo-current from the avalanchephotodiode 534 may then be directed to a transimpedance amplifier 536connected to the reception stage of an OTDR receiver 538 via anelectrical link 540.

In the data transfer mode, the laser driver 506 does not receive asignal from the PULSOR 504, but instead receives a signal from atransceiver 542 (e.g., the data transmitter 102 of FIG. 1 ). Thetransceiver 542 may represent a software programmable hardware componentthat generates electrical data bit stream sent to the laser driver 506.Data may be sent on the DUT 500 through the round-trip coupling device512 and the tap optical coupler 502. After transfer via the DUT 500, thedata may be received on the avalanche photodiode 534 via the tap opticalcoupler 532 and the round-trip coupling device 530. The data may also bereceived on a tap PIN 544 photodiode via the tap optical coupler 532.Due to its sensitivity, the avalanche photodiode 534 channel may bereserved for the reception of low power signals, while the tap PIN 544photodiode channel may be used to avoid reception saturation linked tohigh amplitude signals received from the DUT 500. With respect to a lowpower signal versus a high amplitude signal, an OTDR may emit opticalpower which may be approximately 0 dBm. The insertion loss betweendistant OTDRs may be up to 40 or 45 dB, and thus the optical powerreceived by an OTDR may vary between 0 and −45 dBm. Due to the widevariation of this received power, the avalanche photodiode 514 may notbe usable for the entire power range. In this regard, the tap PIN 554photodiode may be utilized when input power is higher than −20 dBm, andfor lower power, the avalanche photodiode 514 may be utilized. In thisregard, the avalanche photodiode 514 may represent a high sensitivitycomponent for which output level is saturated when input power is toohigh, where the input power may be considered too high when data cannotbe recovered after detection of this power by the avalanche photodiode514. In such a case, the tap PIN 554 photodiode may be utilized due toits higher optical power saturation level, which may represent a statewhen input power is higher than −20 dBm.

In the case of strong (e.g., high amplitude) signals received from theDUT 500, part of the signals may be picked up by the tap optical coupler532 and sent to the tap PIN 544 photodiode via a link 546. Atransimpedance PIN (TIA PIN) amplifier 548 may receive the photo-currentfrom the tap PIN 544 photodiode. The output of the transimpedance PINamplifier 548 may be connected to a data receiver reception stage 550dedicated to the data signal.

The symmetrical diagram and the data transfer operation (e.g., fromapparatus 100′ to apparatus 100) may be identical for the receptionchain avalanche photodiode 514, transimpedance amplifier 516, electricallink 520 and data receiver 552 (e.g., the high amplitude designatedreceiver 118 of FIG. 1 ), as well as for the reception chain tap PIN 554photodiode (e.g., the PIN photodiode 122 of FIG. 1 ), transimpedance PINamplifier 556, and data receiver 558 (e.g., the low amplitude designatedreceiver 116 of FIG. 1 ). For the example of FIG. 5 , the data receiver110 of FIG. 1 may include the data receiver 552 and the data receiver558. Optical data may be received by the avalanche photodiode 514 whichconverts the signal in electrical photocurrent. The transimpedanceamplifier 516 may amplify and convert this current into a voltagesignal. This signal may then be processed by the data receiver 552 toobtain data. The data receivers 552 and 558 may include a dedicatedhardware component such as a quantizer or analog comparator whichcompares a signal with a threshold, and may further include a softwareprogrammable hardware component that is programmed to receive data.Further, in the data transfer mode, the laser driver 524 does notreceive the signal from the PULSOR 522, but instead receives the signalfrom a transceiver 564. In the case of strong (e.g., high amplitude)signals received from the DUT 500, part of the signals may be picked upby the tap optical coupler 502 and sent to the tap PIN 554 photodiodevia a link 562.

The example of FIG. 5 may utilize dedicated data receivers (e.g., 550,558, 552 and 560), as well as dedicated data transmitters in order tooptimize the performance with respect to digital data exchange betweenthe OTDR instruments (e.g., the apparatus 100 and the apparatus 100′)located on either side of the DUT 500.

FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration based on attenuation of an emittedoptical signal to illustrate operation of the apparatus 100, inaccordance with an example of the present disclosure.

The configuration of FIG. 6 may represent the case of a multi-wavelengthsystem (in this case two) in order to illustrate that the opticalattenuator is not dedicated to a single source. Thus, an opticalattenuator 600 may be inserted between a round-trip coupling device 602(e.g., optical coupler) and a wavelength multiplexer 604 (MUX). Theoperation of the transmission and reception chains, which implement thepulsors (606 and 608), the data transmitters (610 and 612), the OTDRreceiver 614 as well as the receivers dedicated to the exchanges ofdigital data remains identical to corresponding components of FIG. 5 .Further, compared to the example of FIG. 5 , use of the opticalattenuator 600 provides for lowering of the optical power, avoidingsaturation of avalanche photodiode 628 and removal of components 558,556, 554 and 502 of FIG. 5 .

To facilitate an understanding of FIG. 6 , only one of the two apparatus(e.g., similar to apparatus 100 or apparatus 100′) connected on eitherside of the DUT 640 is shown in FIG. 6 . However, in a similar manner asFIG. 5 , an apparatus 100 that includes all of the components of FIG. 6, and a second apparatus 100′ may be connected to an opposite end of theDUT 640. The detection sensitivity may be adjusted by attenuating thesignal emitted using the optical attenuator 600. When the receptionchain and in particular the avalanche photodiode 534 of the remote OTDR(e.g., similar to the apparatus 100′ (not shown) on the other side ofthe DUT 640) risks being saturated, the optical attenuator 600 mayreduce the optical power emitted, and thereby the optical power receivedat the other end of the DUT 640. This operation may require priorcommunication between the OTDRs located on either side of the DUT 640 tocommunicate the saturation state of the avalanche photodiode receptionchain. With respect to determination of saturation, in the presence ofphotocurrent received by transimpedance amplifier 630, the saturationmay be detected as the signal crosses a predefined saturation levelthreshold or it is not possible to decode data. Saturation may representa condition when input optical power is too high so that this variationof optical power is not converted linearly into variation of electricaloutput current. Thus, by managing the level of optical power, theconfiguration of FIG. 6 may be implemented by utilizing hardware andsoftware functions dedicated to data transmission on the DUT 640 and asensitivity optimization system. With respect to sensitivityoptimization, the optimization may be based on reaching an optical powerdetected by avalanche photodiode 628 by adjusting the optical attenuator600 of the remote OTDR on the other side of the DUT 640.

With continued reference to FIG. 6 , in a similar manner as theconfiguration of FIG. 5 , in an OTDR mode, the generator of anelectrical test stimulus (e.g., PULSOR 606) may control a laser driver616 via a link 618. The laser driver 616 may in turn generate anelectrical stimulus adapted to an optical source 620 (e.g., lightsource).

Similarly, the generator of an electrical test stimulus (e.g., PULSOR608) may control a laser driver 622 via a link 624. The laser driver 622may in turn generate an electrical stimulus adapted to an optical source626 (e.g., light source). The wavelength multiplexer 604 may represent apassive optical device that combines the optical signals from theoptical source 620 and the optical source 626 according to theirwavelengths.

Still in the OTDR mode, the photo-current from an avalanche photodiode628 may be directed to a transimpedance amplifier 630 connected to thereception stage of the OTDR receiver 614 via an electrical link 632.Further, the operation of data receiver 634 may be similar to that fordata receiver 552 of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 7 illustrates utilization of an optical switch to illustrateoperation of the apparatus 100, in accordance with an example of thepresent disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 7 , compared to the configuration of FIG. 5 , anoptical switch 700 may be utilized to place the apparatus 100 inreceiver mode on a dedicated channel using BOSA 702 (BidirectionalOptical Sub-Assemblies) technology. The BOSA 702 may combine the source704, receiver 706 and optical coupler 708 devices.

Management of the reception sensitivity may be performed by arbitratingthe selection of the reception channel according to the sensitivity,either via the avalanche photodiode 710 or via the use of the opticalswitch 700, and the transmission reception system using the BOSA 702 anddata receiver 712. With respect to management of reception sensitivity,the branch with the BOSA 702 may be used by default, but when inputoptical power on the BOSA 702 is too low so that a signal is notdetected, a switch is made to the other branch and the optical powerwill be detected by avalanche photodiode 710 which has highersensitivity. The combination of the BOSA 702 and data transmit andreceive systems (respectively 714 and 712) may implement a transceiverfunction for data transmission.

In a similar manner as disclosed herein with respect to FIG. 5 , in anOTDR mode, a round-trip coupling device 716 may transmit a signal to theDUT 718 via the optical switch 700. In the data transfer mode, data maybe sent on the DUT 718 through the round-trip coupling device 716 andthe optical switch 700. In the data transfer mode, the laser driver 730does not receive a signal from the PULSOR, but instead receives a signalfrom a transceiver 720. Further, as disclosed herein with respect toFIG. 5 , the data transfer operation may be identical for the avalanchephotodiode 710, transimpedance amplifier 722, electrical link 724, anddata receiver 726.

With reference to FIGS. 5 and 7 , for the OTDR and the data transfermodes for FIG. 7 , in a first mode that is similar to FIG. 5 , a datasignal may be sent with the transceiver 720 and received by theavalanche photodiode 710 of the remote OTDR, and converted into data Rx.In a second mode that uses the BOSA 702, the transceiver 714 may send adata signal using source 704 of BOSA 702 of a first OTDR (e.g.,apparatus 100 in a similar manner as in FIG. 5 ), and a second remoteOTDR (e.g., apparatus 100′ in a similar manner as in FIG. 5 ) mayreceive a signal by its receiver (e.g., PIN photodiode) that is similarto receiver 706, of its BOSA that is similar to BOSA 702.

FIG. 8 illustrates a further alternative configuration of the apparatus100, in accordance with an example of the present disclosure.

Compared to the configuration of FIG. 5 , the configuration of FIG. 8may implement a laser driver 800 integrating the possibility ofattenuating the laser current continuously or in steps. In this regard,a laser current controller 802 may reduce the optical power of theoptical source 804. As with the examples of Figures 5-7 , the example ofFIG. 8 may combine the use of hardware (e.g., transceiver 806, datareceiver 808, etc.), and software functions dedicated to datatransmission on the DUT 810 and a receiver sensitivity optimizationsystem controlling the level of power of the source. When the receptionchain and in particular the avalanche photodiode of the remote OTDRrisks being saturated, the laser current controller 802 may be used toreduce the optical power emitted, and thereby the optical power receivedat the other end of the DUT 810 by the distant OTDR. This operation mayutilize prior communication between the OTDRs located on either side ofthe DUT 810 to communicate the saturation state of the avalanchephotodiode reception chain. The optical power control of the source mayneed to use a source with a monitor photo diode or may need to add aPIN-TAP to measure the optical power sent to the line.

FIGS. 9-11 respectively illustrate an example block diagram 900, aflowchart of an example method 1000, and a further example block diagram1100 for high speed bidirectional OTDR-based testing, according toexamples. The block diagram 900, the method 1000, and the block diagram1100 may be implemented on the apparatus 00 described above withreference to FIG. 1 by way of example and not of limitation. The blockdiagram 900, the method 1000, and the block diagram 1100 may bepracticed in other apparatuses. In addition to showing the block diagram900, FIG. 9 shows hardware of the apparatus 00 that may execute theinstructions of the block diagram 900. The hardware may include aprocessor 902, and a memory 904 storing machine readable instructionsthat when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform theinstructions of the block diagram 900. The memory 904 may represent anon-transitory computer readable medium. FIG. 10 may represent anexample method for high speed bidirectional OTDR-based testing, and thesteps of the method. FIG. 11 may represent a non-transitory computerreadable medium 1102 having stored thereon machine readable instructionsto provide high speed bidirectional OTDR-based testing according to anexample. The machine readable instructions, when executed, cause aprocessor 1104 to perform the instructions of the block diagram 1100also shown in FIG. 11 .

The processor 902 of FIG. 9 and/or the processor 1104 of FIG. 11 mayinclude a single or multiple processors or other hardware processingcircuit, to execute the methods, functions and other processes describedherein. These methods, functions and other processes may be embodied asmachine readable instructions stored on a computer readable medium,which may be non-transitory (e.g., the non-transitory computer readablemedium 1102 of FIG. 11 ), such as hardware storage devices (e.g., RAM(random access memory), ROM (read only memory), EPROM (erasable,programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM),hard drives, and flash memory). The memory 904 may include a RAM, wherethe machine readable instructions and data for a processor may resideduring runtime.

Referring to FIGS. 1-9 , and particularly to FIG. 5 and the blockdiagram 900 shown in FIG. 9 , the memory 904 may include instructions906 to transmit data from a first end of a device under test (DUT)towards an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) that is operativelyconnected to a second opposite end of the DUT.

The processor 902 may fetch, decode, and execute the instructions 908 toreceive further data that is transmitted by the OTDR from the secondopposite end of the DUT towards the first end of the DUT.

The processor 902 may fetch, decode, and execute the instructions 910 toadjust, based on an amplitude of the further data, a direction ofreceiving of the further data towards a first receiver of the datareceiver or towards a second receiver of the data receiver.

Referring to FIGS. 1-8 and 10 , and particularly FIGS. 7 and 10 , forthe method 1000, at block 1002, the method may include transmitting, byat least one hardware processor, data from a first end of a device undertest (DUT) towards an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) that isoperatively connected to a second opposite end of the DUT.

At block 1004, the method may include receiving, by the at least onehardware processor, further data that is transmitted by the OTDR fromthe second opposite end of the DUT towards the first end of the DUT.

At block 1006, the method may include switching, by an optical switch700, based on the received further data, between an input/output (e.g.,round-trip coupling device 716) and a bidirectional opticalsub-assemblies (BOSA)-based data receiver 702 associated with the datareceiver.

According to examples disclosed herein, the method may includeswitching, by the optical switch, based on an optical power associatedwith the received further data, between the input/output and theBOSA-based data receiver associated with the data receiver.

According to examples disclosed herein, the method may includeswitching, by the optical switch, based on a relatively low opticalpower associated with the received further data, to the input/outputdata receiver that includes an avalanche photodiode.

According to examples disclosed herein, the method may includeswitching, by the optical switch, based on a relatively high opticalpower associated with the received further data, to the BOSA-based datareceiver.

Referring to FIGS. 1-8 and 11 , and particularly FIGS. 8 and 11 , forthe block diagram 1100, the non-transitory computer readable medium 1102may include instructions 1106 to transmit data from a first end of adevice under test (DUT) towards an optical time-domain reflectometer(OTDR) that is operatively connected to a second opposite end of theOUT.

The processor 1104 may fetch, decode, and execute the instructions 1108to receive further data that is transmitted by the OTDR from the secondopposite end of the DUT towards the first end of the DUT.

The processor 1104 may fetch, decode, and execute the instructions 1110to adjust, by a laser current controller (e.g., laser current controller802), an output optical power of an optical source that is used totransmit the data.

According to examples disclosed herein, the processor 1104 may fetch,decode, and execute the instructions to receive, by an avalanchephotodiode (e.g., see “APD” of FIG. 8 ), the further data that istransmitted by the OTDR from the second opposite end of the DUT towardsthe first end of the DUT.

According to examples disclosed herein, the processor 1104 may fetch,decode, and execute the instructions to receive, by a transimpedanceamplifier (e.g., see “TIA APD” of FIG. 8 ) operatively connected to theavalanche photodiode, the further data that is transmitted by the OTDRfrom the second opposite end of the DUT towards the first end of theDUT.

What has been described and illustrated herein is an example along withsome of its variations. The terms, descriptions and figures used hereinare set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant aslimitations. Many variations are possible within the spirit and scope ofthe subject matter, which is intended to be defined by the followingclaims—and their equivalents—in which all terms are meant in theirbroadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A method comprising: transmitting, by at least onehardware processor, data from a first end of a device under test (DUT)towards an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) that is operativelyconnected to a second opposite end of the DUT; receiving, by the atleast one hardware processor, further data that is transmitted by theOTDR from the second opposite end of the DUT towards the first end ofthe DUT; and switching, by an optical switch, based on the receivedfurther data, between an input/output data receiver and a bidirectionaloptical sub-assemblies (BOSA)-based data receiver associated with thedata receiver.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein switching,by the optical switch, based on the received further data, between theinput/output data receiver and the BOSA-based data receiver associatedwith the data receiver, further comprises: switching, by the opticalswitch, based on an optical power associated with the received furtherdata, between the input/output data receiver and the BOSA-based datareceiver associated with the data receiver.
 16. The method according toclaim 14, wherein switching, by the optical switch, based on thereceived further data, between the input/output data receiver and theBOSA-based data receiver associated with the data receiver, furthercomprises: switching, by the optical switch, based on a relatively lowoptical power associated with the received further data, to theinput/output data receiver that includes an avalanche photodiode. 17.The method according to claim 16, wherein switching, by the opticalswitch, based on the received further data, between the input/outputdata receiver and the BOSA-based data receiver associated with the datareceiver, further comprises: switching, by the optical switch, based ona relatively high optical power associated with the received furtherdata, to the BOSA-based data receiver. 18.-20. (canceled)